ASTM E1706-2005e1 淡水中无脊椎动物沉积物有关污染物的毒性测量的标准试验方法

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【英文标准名称】:StandardTestMethodforMeasuringtheToxicityofSediment-AssociatedContaminantswithFreshwaterInvertebrates
【原文标准名称】:淡水中无脊椎动物沉积物有关污染物的毒性测量的标准试验方法
【标准号】:ASTME1706-2005e1
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:2005
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:E47.03
【标准类型】:(TestMethod)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:bioavailability;Ceriodaphniadubia;Chironomusriparius;Chironomusdilutus;contamination;Daphniamagna;Dipo
【摘要】:General:Sedimentprovideshabitatformanyaquaticorganismsandisamajorrepositoryformanyofthemorepersistentchemicalsthatareintroducedintosurfacewaters.Intheaquaticenvironment,mostanthropogenicchemicalsandwastematerialsincludingtoxicorganicandinorganicchemicalseventuallyaccumulateinsediment.MountingevidencesexistsofenvironmentaldegradationinareaswhereUSEPAWaterQualityCriteria(WQC;(65))arenotexceeded,yetorganismsinornearsedimentsareadverselyaffected(66).TheWQCweredevelopedtoprotectorganismsinthewatercolumnandwerenotdirectedtowardprotectingorganismsinsediment.Concentrationsofcontaminantsinsedimentmaybeseveralordersofmagnitudehigherthanintheoverlyingwater;however,bulksedimentconcentrationshavenotbeenstronglycorrelatedtobioavailability(67).Partitioningorsorptionofacompoundbetweenwaterandsedimentmaydependonmanyfactorsincluding:aqueoussolubility,pH,redox,affinityforsedimentorganiccarbonanddissolvedorganiccarbon,grainsizeofthesediment,sedimentmineralconstituents(oxidesofiron,manganese,andaluminum),andthequantityofacidvolatilesulfidesinsediment(40,41).Althoughcertainchemicalsarehighlysorbedtosediment,thesecompoundsmaystillbeavailabletothebiota.Chemicalsinsedimentsmaybedirectlytoxictoaquaticlifeorcanbeasourceofchemicalsforbioaccumulationinthefoodchain.Theobjectiveofasedimenttestistodeterminewhetherchemicalsinsedimentareharmfultoorarebioaccumulatedbybenthicorganisms.Thetestscanbeusedtomeasureinteractivetoxiceffectsofcomplexchemicalmixturesinsediment.Furthermore,knowledgeofspecificpathwaysofinteractionsamongsedimentsandtestorganismsisnotnecessarytoconductthetests(68).Sedimenttestscanbeusedto:(1)determinetherelationshipbetweentoxiceffectsandbioavailability,(2)investigateinteractionsamongchemicals,(3)comparethesensitivitiesofdifferentorganisms,(4)determinespatialandtemporaldistributionofcontamination,(5)evaluatehazardsofdredgedmaterial,(6)measuretoxicityaspartofproductlicensingorsafetytesting,(7)rankareasforcleanup,and(8)estimatetheeffectivenessofremediationormanagementpractices.Avarietyofmethodshavebeendevelopedforassessingthetoxicityofchemicalsinsedimentsusingamphipods,midges,polychaetes,oligochaetes,mayflies,orcladocerans(Section13and14;AnnexA1toAnnexA5;(2),(4),(356),(390).Severalendpointsaresuggestedinthesemethodstomeasurepotentialeffectsofcontaminantsinsedimentincludingsurvival,growth,behavior,orreproduction;however,survivaloftestorganismsin10-dayexposuresistheendpointmostcommonlyreported.Theseshort-termexposureswhichonlymeasureeffectsonsurvivalcanbeusedtoidentifyhighlevelsofcontaminationinsediments,butmaynotbeabletoidentifymoderatelevelsofcontaminationinsediments(USEPA(2);Sibleyetal.,(54);Sibleyetal.,(55);Sibleyetal.,(69);Benoitetal.,(70);Ingersolletal.,(56)).Sublethalendpointsinsedimenttestsmightalsoprovetobebetterestimatesofresp......
【中国标准分类号】:Z19
【国际标准分类号】:07_100_20
【页数】:117P.;A4
【正文语种】:英语